Ex. 3 Translate from English into Russian

Translate from English into Russian:

Conclusion

• Electric (electromagnetic) machines (EMs) started with Faraday’s law of “electromagnetic induction” (1831) found, spelled as an experiment with attraction and repulsive (induced currents) forces, in Lucretius “The nature of Universe”, book, the year 60 B.C.
• EMs convert mechanical energy to electric energy (generator mode) or vice – versa (motor made) via stored magnetic energy. Energy balance is crucial in analyzing EMs.
• EMs may develop (experience) rotary or linear or hybrid motion.
• Standard EMs developed already by 1900 classify into DC (AC) brush (fixed field) machines and AC (traveling field) machines: asynchronous/induction and synchronous.
• Electric energy is obtained through electric generators (except for photovoltaic energy) with powers/unit up to 1800 MVA (turbgenerators driven by fossil or nuclear fuel turbines) and up to 770 MVA in hydrogenerators (recently on Iantze River).
• More than 60% of electric energy is producing “mechanical useful work” in electric motors, which may be line – started (fix speed) or fed from PWM static power converters (for variable speed).
• The last 50 years witnessed staggering progress in:

-        Lighter and more efficient large power generators

-        Optimal multi-physics design methodologies using magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) and FEA

-        The extension of PM usage in variable speed synchronous machine drives (with PWM AC-DC-AC static converter interfaces); from subwatt to a few MW power (3 MWA, 15 rpm PMSGs for wind energy conversion)

-        As the offer of quality (high energy) magnets is limited, it is anticipated that PMs will be used only when the cost is not the first target, but weight and efficiency are (low PM weight/kW), when high speed applications are favored

-        Combining lower cost magnets on rotor and on stator with single and (or) double magnetic saliency in “brushless” motors has led to an avalanche of “novel” topologies, augmented by tooth-wound stator windings in the last 20 years; some are close to worldwide market entrance

• The present paper presents a summary of the recent progress in EMs, rotary and linear (MAGLEVs, included) following eight important application domains, with key literature citations, and infer some avenues for further developments.
• The paper is by no way complete or fully objective and inevitably reflects both the horizon and the limits of the author. Consequently, criticism is welcome.